By A.R. Ghanshyam
For much of the 2,000 years of the Common Era, India was the largest economy contributing a third of the global output. Archaeological evidence traces the origins of ancient India’s Indus Valley civilisation to the fifth millennium before the Common Era.
During medieval times too, India witnessed several glorious empires and great civilisations spread across millions of miles under enlightened emperors.
Towards the last quarter of the last millennium, India came under the influence of East India Company for almost a century during the 18th and 19th centuries. Thereafter, the Sepoy Mutiny in 1857 compelled the British to place India directly under the British Crown for another ninety years. For almost two centuries, therefore, India was anchored to Great Britain serving the interests of only the British Empire. Of all the colonies the British conquered, controlled and immensely benefited from, it was India that was by far the biggest and the wealthiest and was often referred to as the Jewel in the (British) Crown.
Before finally leaving India, the British divided the Indian subcontinent into two countries in three parcels — India, Pakistan West and Pakistan East. India’s population then was 330 million and the GDP was Rr 2.7 trillion — a paltry 3 per cent of the global GDP. A country which accounted for a third of the global output for much of two millennia before had thus been bled bone dry by the colonial masters.
Independent India
Independent India has witnessed 17 free and fair Parliamentary elections with fifteen Prime Ministers at the helm – each contributing his/her mite to the growth, stability and development of the Indian nation, its society and economy.
How individual Prime Ministers of India tried to build a modern India from the debris of two centuries’ rule by the British Empire is in itself a great story and has been narrated by many authors, both Indian and foreign.
In the 75 years since Independence, India has negotiated a difficult, at times treacherous, journey replete with five wars (1948, 1962, 1965, 1971 and 1999) and facing frequent occurrence of natural calamities like floods, famines, droughts and epidemics.
Two of its elected Prime Ministers were brutally assassinated and a third died mysteriously after signing the Ceasefire Agreement in the Soviet city of Tashkent post the India-Pakistan 1965 War.
A stretch of 21 months during 1975-77 remains an aberration in India’s otherwise uninterrupted democracy when fundamental rights of Indian citizens were suspended during the period of Emergency.
Progress Achieved
Much water has flown in the Ganga since India attained her Independence. During 1950-51, the contributions to Indian GDP by agriculture, industry and services sectors were 56 per cent, 15 per cent and 29 per cent, respectively.
Agriculture employed the largest work-force of 72 per cent with manufacturing and services providing 10 per cent and 18 per cent jobs, respectively. Today the service sector accounts for 54 per cent of India’s GDP. The industry and agriculture follow with 25.92 per cent and 20.19 per cent, respectively.
Life expectancy on the eve of Independence was 32 years. It has now gone up to 70 years. In 1950, infant mortality rate in India was 145.6/1000 live births and maternal mortality ratio in the 1940s was 2000/100,000 live births which declined to 1000 in the 1950s.
There were just 50,000 doctors across the entire country and the number of primary healthcare centres was 725. Today, infant mortality is 27.7 per 1000 births and maternal mortality rate is 103 per 100,000. India now has more than 1.2 million doctors.
There are 54,618 sub-health sentres (SHCs), 21,898 primary health centres (PHC) and 4,155 urban primary health centres (UPHCs), as on December 8, 2021. There are as many as 70,000 public and private hospitals. As of April 5, 2022, there were 117,771 Ayushman Bharat-Health and Wellness Centres (AB-HWCs) operational in India apart from 748 e-Hospitals established across the country as part of the ‘Digital India’ initiative of the government.
As for education, when the British left India, there were 210,000 primary schools, 13,600 middle schools and 7,416 higher secondary schools in India apart from 498 colleges and 27 Universities. Today there are 1.6 million schools, 42,343 colleges and a thousand universities. More than 250 million children are going to school today in India and close to 40 million are enrolled in our universities.
India survived a devastating once in a century pandemic of Covid-19 and its economy contracted by 7.3 per cent in the financial year 2020-21. It may be some consolation that this contraction was lower than in other major economies. As per latest available estimates, the growth rate of GDP is pegged at 8.7 per cent, which has to be seen in the context of 7.3 per cent contraction in the preceding year.
India is bound together as a great nation by the strength and stability of its democracy, the rule of law and a breath-taking diversity of its populace in terms of religion, language, culture, climate, history, geography and more. At the time of India’s first Census in 1951, Hindus were 305 million (84.1 per cent), Muslims 35.4 million (9.8 per cent), Christians 8.3 million and Sikhs 6.86 million (1.9 per cent).
In 2022, the estimated population is 1090 million Hindus (79.80 per cent), 200 million Muslims (14.23 per cent), 31.2 million Christians (2.3 per cent), 23.7 million Sikhs (1.72 per cent), 9.6 million Buddhists (0.70 per cent), 5.1 million Jains (0.37 per cent) and 9.1 million (0.66 per cent) other religions and 3.3 million (0.24 per cent) religion not stated.
There are two million Hindu temples, 300,000 active mosques, 8,114 Jain temples, a few of them abroad, more than 125 Buddhist monasteries, stupas and pagodas, some 35 Jewish synagogues etc.
At the time of Independence, many predicted that India will splinter into pieces based on caste, creed, tribe, language, culture etc., but she has remained in one piece and stronger than ever.
Future Prospects
In the last 10 years, despite a sliding down of growth rates since 2016 till the economy picked up this year and a significant unemployment burden haunting policy makers in the country, there is a quiet revolution taking place in the arena of technology, digitisation and innovation, spearheaded by young Indian companies. The government’s ‘Aatmanirbhar Bharat’ crusade has given an impetus to it.
Latest research of the Indian economy in the last 10 years by analyst Ruchir Sharma has a few exciting revelations. In 2011, India had 55 billionaires with a cumulative wealth of $256 billion which was then equivalent to 13.5 per cent of India’s GDP.
Ten years later in 2021, India hosts 140 billionaires with cumulative wealth of $596 billion, equivalent to 19.6 per cent of the GDP. Sharma adds that 110 of these are new billionaires created during the course of just last decade.
At the time of Independence, India was the sixth largest economy in the world. In 2021, it retains the same position which is no mean achievement with India’s population having more than quadrupled.
Notwithstanding the above, there is no room for complacency because, (a) India still has a large population that lives below the poverty line, estimated by the World Bank at 140 million which is 10 per cent of the population; (b) the formal and informal sectors may not be able to absorb the large number of educated young who are passing out of colleges (2022 estimate is 10.76 million); (c) external and internal factors will keep haunting the policy establishment in its effort to achieve double-digit GDP growth rate which is the need of the hour for India.
Be that as it may India also has several advantages — (i) a median age of less than 30 years; (ii) a strong and focussed government; (iii) growing market; (iv) an innovative Indian youth.
If India persists with its pursuit of building and consolidating its infrastructure, keeps the society cohesive and harmonious, stabilises predictable consistency in policy formulation and implementation, a brighter future can be ensured for its future generations.
(A.R. Ghanashyam is a retired Indian diplomat who has served as Ambassador of India to Angola and High Commissioner of India to Nigeria. The views expressed are personal)
–IANS
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